Which of the following is NOT a primary stakeholder group?

• A. Student-athletes
• B. Fans
• C. Universities
• D. Media outlets

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is understanding who counts as a primary stakeholder in intercollegiate athletics. Primary stakeholders are those with a direct, ongoing stake in the program’s success and operations. Student-athletes are directly affected by rules, education, welfare, and competition. Universities provide the resources, governance, and oversight that keep the program running. Fans participate as the audience, supporters, and often the revenue base through attendance and engagement.

Media outlets, while influential in shaping coverage, sponsorships, and public perception, act as external facilitators rather than direct participants in the program’s core activities. They benefit from the content and popularity of the athletics program but do not have the same direct stake in its day-to-day operation or survival. Because of this distinction, media outlets are not considered primary stakeholders.